How to Give Teenagers Advice Lesson for ESL

In this lesson plan, students will have the opportunity to practice offering advice to teenagers. This can be an especially fun activity to do with high school students. Lesson Plan - Giving Advice to Teenagers Aim: Building reading comprehension and advice giving skills / focus on modal verb should and modal verbs of deduction Activity: Reading about teenage problems followed by group work Level: Intermediate - Upper Intermediate Outline: Start off the lesson by asking students to suggest what type of problems teenagers typically may have.Use one of the problems mentioned and inductively review modal verbs of deduction by asking questions such as, What must have happened to the boy?, Do you think he might have lied to his parents?, etc.Ask students for advice on what the person should do (reviewing the modal verb should).Have students get into small groups (four or five students).Distribute the handout with the various teen problems taken from real life. Assign one (or two) situations to each group.Have the students answer the questions as a group. Ask students to use the same forms as given in the questions (i.e. What might he have thought? - ANSWER: He might have thought it was too difficult.)Students should then use the sheet to report back to the class actively using the modal verb should to give advice.As a follow-up exercise or homework:Ask students to write about a problem they have had.Students should not writ e their names on their short problem descriptionDistribute the problems to other studentsHave students answer the questions about the situation described by on of their classmatesAsk students to verbally give recommendations Teenage Problems - Giving Advice ​ questionnaire: Read your situation and then answer the following questions What might the relationship be between the person and his / her parents?How must he / she feel?What cant have happened?Where might he / she live?Why might he / she have this problem?What should he / she do? (Give at least 5 suggestions) Teenage Problems:Sample Texts Should I Marry Him? I have been with my boyfriend for almost four years, We are going to get married next year but, there are a couple of concerns I have: One is the fact that he never talks about his feelings - he keeps everything inside of him. He sometimes has trouble with expressing his excitement about things. He never buys me flowers or takes me out to dinner. He says that he doesnt know why, but he never thinks of things like that. I dont know if this is a side effect of depression or, maybe, he is sick of me. He says that he loves me  and that he wants to marry me. If this is true, what is his problem? Female, 19 For Friendship or Love? Im one of those guys who have the quite normal problem: Im in love with a girl, but I dont know what to do. I have already had a crush on some girls, never with any success, but this is something different. My problem is actually that Im too cowardly to tell her anything. I know that she likes me and were very, very good friends. Weve known each other for about three years, and our friendship has constantly become better. We often get into quarrels, but we always make up. Another problem is that we often talk about problems with each other, so I know she is having problems with her boyfriend (who I think is no good for her). We meet almost every day. We always have a lot of fun together, but is it really so difficult to love someone who has been a good chum until now? Male, 15 Please Help me and My Family My family doesnt get along. Its like we all hate each other. Its my mom, my two brothers, a sister, and I. I am the oldest. We all have certain problems: My mom wants to quit smoking so she is really stressed out. I am really selfish — I just cant help it. One of my brothers is too bossy. He thinks he is better than the rest of us, and that he is the only one who helps my mom. My other brother is kind of abusive and depressed. He always starts fights and hes really spoiled. My mom doesnt yell at him for doing things wrong and when she does, he laughs at her. My sister — whos 7 — makes messes and doesnt clean them up. I really want to help because I dont like being upset all of the time and having everyone hate everyone else. Even when we start to get along, someone will say something to upset someone else. Please help me and my family. Female, 15 Hates School I hate school. I cannot stand my school so I skip it almost every day. Luckily, I am a smart person. Im in all of the advanced classes and dont have a reputation as a rebel. Only the people who really know me know about my strange feelings. My parents dont care — they dont even mention it if I dont go to school. What I end up doing is sleeping all day and then staying up all night talking to my girlfriend. I get behind in my work and, when I try to go back to school, I get a bunch of crap from my teachers and friends. I just get so depressed when I think about it. I have given up on trying to go back and am considering dropping out altogether. I really dont want to do that because I realize it would ruin my life. I dont want to go back at all, but I also dont want it to ruin my life. I am so confused and I have really tried to go back and just cant take it. What should I do? Please help. Male, 16

The Center For Child And Family Policy - 1555 Words

Although critics such as Stanley Fish believe that institutes of higher education should not promote civic engagement, universities such as Duke University heavily push students to become more civically and politically engaged, even making certain courses have requirements to complete a service component. Numerous civic engagement programs exist at Duke that offer different services and opportunities for students to engage with the community. Duke University’s Center for Child and Family Policy offers a civic engagement program the School Research Partnership (SRP), which attempts to address issues of education inequity and achievement. To understand the vastness of civic engagement opportunities, I will compare SRP to Bass Connections at†¦show more content†¦In 1988, Duke University hired former Ph.D. student Kenneth Dodge, a clinical and developmental psychologist from Vanderbilt, to lead the effort. Thus, on July 1, 1999, the Center for Child and Family Policy was officially open (â€Å"Center for Child and Family Policy†). The Center fellows focus their research on â€Å"the effect of economic distress on child development, early childhood, the development of risky behaviors, childhood mental illness, and a wide range of education policy issues including school truancy, charter schools, teacher training and education reform efforts.† From August 2003 to July 2009, the Center conducted the largest violence-prevention study that the National Institute of Mental Health has ever funded. In addition, the Center houses the Center for Adolescent Risk and Resilience (C*StARR), a research project that studies the biology and behavior producing teen substance abuse. The Center can give journalists expert explanations â€Å"on the above topics, as well as child abuse prevention, youth violence prevention, children and technology, parenting across cultures, single mothers and more.† The Center provided evaluations of programs that can positively affect the lives of children. They have worked with fed eral granting agencies, the state government, public school systems, and community organizations. The staff helps with grant writing, identifying potential funding sources, and provide solutions that combine scientific

Quantitative Risk Concepts - Techniques and Tools

Question: Discuss about the Quantitative Risk for Concepts, Techniques and Tools. Answer: Causes of high inherent risk at financial report level: The complexity of a system can lead to many unexpected errors in the financial reports. The chances of misstatements or errors in transactions in the system can arise due higher inherent risk. The chances of errors in the financial system for reasons other than lack of internal operational control can be mostly related to inherent risk. Gunin-Paracini et al. (2014) mentioned that degree of financial exposure of an organization is another factor that leads to inherent risk of an organization. The financial transactions of the organization that operates in the macro environment of stringent statutory compliances can lead to more occasions of errors and thereby, increased inherent risk. In the view of Ihendinihu and Robert (2014), the organization that is dependent on more types of forecasting of future requirements and deals with complex financial transactions creates chances for more inherent risk proportions. The main contributing factors that enhance the inherent risks for the financial reporting of the telecom organization at Australia, One Tel can be detailed as below: Impact of substitution in market: The availability of huge number of competitors in the Australian market creates the competitive pressure on the existing telecom organizations in the area. Moreover, the options of mobile number portability have provided option for the customers to switch over from one service provider to another. Even while switching over to another network, the pending bills for the present network are often not cleared. Kannan et al. (2014) mentioned that this situation creates bad debt which lacks chances of recovery. The overall bad debt need to be kept in a clear note as the total volume of bad debt may rise above the expected value. Efforts to recover the bad debts are to be taken and even correct reporting is important to get over the burden of excess income tax. Even the profit margin gets impacted by the bad debt amounts (Jang and Kim, 2016). Competitive market: The competitive market impacts the level of revenue of One Tel in Australia. Sadgrove (2016) mentioned that the competition impacts the overall sale volume and the forecast on the future sale volume becomes far from expected due to the constant switching over among different telecom service providers. The number of telecom service providers in Australia has mounted up to 35 which create a huge option range of service providers for the customers. The customer behavior becomes more unpredictable with time and increasing options in market. Mironeasa and Codină (2013) emphasized that the chances of error in prediction become more evident leading to more inherent risks in the financial reports. Autonomy of Board of Directors: The autonomy of a board of directors is dependent on the fraction of non-executive members in the board. The present board composition of One Tel indicates that the half of the members on board are non-executives imbibing autonomy in the board. Now, autonomy actually indicates the independent operating capability of the board members. In the view of Lothe (2013), the autonomy imbibes a considerable proportion of inherent risk. Here, the case of One Tel also shows that the autonomous board attracts inherent risk in the system. Qualification of the Board Members: The board members are responsible for taking important financial decisions for the organization (Rust et al. 2011). The business policies and strategies are one of the main determinant factors for success of financial improvement of One Tel. The qualifications of the board members are the driving force behind the decision perfection. More number of board members from finance back ground can help in meeting the financial risks in the organization. However, McNeil et al. (2015) mentioned that the telecom industries tend to hire persons from similar technical background in the same field of operation instead of finance qualified persons. This paves the way for major inherent risks in the systems. Concerns related to revenue recognition: According to Zadek et al. (2013), the inherent risk is directly proportional to the issues with revenue recognition. The revenue can be recognized in records once the revenue is completely assured. However, the telecom service providers face a severe issue in identifying the correct time for revenue recognition. William et al. (2016) stated that the telecom service providers with postpaid services are mostly in such problems. The customer using a postpaid connection has the opportunity to use the services for a month or a full bill cycle. The usage bill is generated and thereby the same is sent to the user. A due date is provided 7 to 10 days from bill generation. Now, the service providers face the issue as to when should the revenue be recognized. There are options for One Tel to record the revenue once the service is provided, or when the bill is generated and sent for collection of payment. The financial year closing period is even more confusing for One Tel. On the date of trial balance, One Tel get confused as to what amount should be reflected- the amount used up or the amount that is ensured of payment. The total complication leads to mount up in the volume of inherent risk in the financial system. Training to the staff: The most efficient tool to sharpen the work force is adequate training. In the words of Sanderson (2013), the more the number of training sessions, the clearer can be the concept of personnel at One Tel. The training needs to be essentially in the finance segment along with the operations team trainings. Even senior finance associates can train the junior staffs at the operations. The constant training programs can ensure that the financial reporting is done appropriately. Internal audit facility can also keep a monitor on the staff performances. The positive impact of training can be used only when such facilities are available at One Tel. If One Tel cannot arrange for the training facilities, then the process can lead to more inherent risks. Lack of internal committee to monitor auditing: The auditing process is overall managed, monitored and controlled by the audit committee of an organization. One Tel needs to maintain such a team of experts who monitors the overall process of financial reporting and also oversees the auditing to ensure no unjust non-conformity can be bestowed on One Tel. The Audit committee assists the external auditors in the external audit process. The external auditors can be provided with apt information pertaining to all financial transactions one asking. Zeff (2016) mentioned that the absence of an audit committee however leaves loopholes in the financial recording due to absence of monitoring of the complex transactional processes. The inherent risk can be avoided by appointed an efficient team of finance experts as audit committee. Growth in economy: The Australian economy is at the verge of growth. Here, Beck and Mauldin (2014) mentioned that most interestingly, the growth opportunities create many options for business development and expansion which leads to increased inherent risk. Now, this can be attributed to the various scopes that open up for business growth and more enhancing the revenue volume. The lending and investment options increase by leaps in growing economy scenario with increased complication. So, with growth in economy, the inherent risk gets enhanced. Strategic issues in the organization: The some of the factors contributing to the inherent risks arising in financial report can be specifically overcome by proper strategic progress. Such issues can be identified as strategic issues like qualification of board member, independence of board; audit committee at office, training culture implementation can be such issues (Waldron, 2016). Now, proper strategic planning at the management level of One Tel can evolve out specific strategic approach towards handling the issues. Bowling (2014) stared that the top management needs to implement the culture to ensure proper training and development of the grass root level employees to the middle management level to reduce the inherent risk from the complexity of daily operation. Also, setting an audit team is a essential responsibility of the higher management. However, the most important part is determining the board composition and selection of proper qualified financially knowledgeable person who can define the strategic policies for the organization. The top management of One Tel can be very particular on eliminating the identified issues to reduce the overall inherent risk of One Tel. Causes of inherent risk at account balance level: The factors that cause the inherent risk at account balance level need to be identified. The identification can help in management of the inherent risk associated at the account balance level. The factors can be studied as: Dual modes of service offered at One Tel: The operation of ant telecom service provider is offered in dual mode. The first mode can be seen as pre-paid services and the other one is post-paid services. The expense for prepaid services are paid by customer before using while in postpaid, the services are first used and then bills are sent for payment. The time on which the revenue is to be recognized gives trouble. The amount of bill gets assigned as account receivable or doubtful dept remains a question for One Tel. The same accounts system gets no resolution as to when the actual revenue can be recorded. Absence of parity among all the pricing system: The sales calculation for the services at One Tel and similar other telecom service providers becomes very complicated due to the different types of tariffs available for the huge band of pre-paid customers along with different bill plans applicable for different post paid customers. The rate cutters with different denomination and different functions are being recharged by the customers the same way as the postpaid customers take power packs sometimes to reduce call rate and sometimes to boost internet speed and others. The confusion heaps up when the question arises whether payment for postpaid services used is to be shown as accounts receivable or as sale. The confusion clearing is highly necessary for ensuring low inherent risk at One Tel. Assessment of going concern state of One Tel: Going concern concept is one of major accounting concepts which consider an organization to continue its business for a considerably longer period of time in the industry. The concept of accounting clearly assumes that a particular business organization would continue its business over a longer period of time and would not think of liquidating its assets or resources within a short time. On the other hand, the principle of going concern is applied in all accounting transactions and thus impacts the financial performance of a company. It is the going concern principle based on which prepaid and outstanding portions of incomes expenses are recognized in the balance sheet. Similarly, an asset is depreciated over its entire useful life. One Tel is one of the growing companies in the telecom sector of Australia. There are certain financial and non-financial factors that influence going concern aspect of the business. The good thing about the external business environment is that the Australian telecom sector is evidencing sharp growth which has a positive impact on the sustainability of One Tel. On the contrary, a market with rapid growth opportunities attracts investors which might reduce the market share of One Tel and can also have a negative impact on the going concern aspect of the company. On the other hand, analyzing the financial statements of One Tel it was discovered that the liquidity position of One Tel has improved considerably in 2000 compared to the same in 1999. Increase in the amount of current assets is yet another good factor for the company. However, One Tel has been seen to indulge in high level of debt financing which raises the financial risk of the company and thus sustainability could be at s take if not managed quickly. Negative cash flows from investment and operational activities remains a concern for One Tel. Hence, on the whole One Tel seems to have a medium level of going concern state. Reference List: Beck, M.J. and Mauldin, E.G., 2014. Who's really in charge? Audit committee versus CFO power and audit fees.The Accounting Review,89(6), pp.2057-2085. Bowling, A., 2014.Research methods in health: investigating health and health services. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Gunin-Paracini, H., Malsch, B. and Paill, A.M., 2014. Fear and risk in the audit process.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(4), pp.264-288. Ihendinihu, J.U. and Robert, S.N., 2014. Role of Audit Education in Minimizing Audit Expectation Gap (AEG) in Nigeria.International Journal of Business and Management,9(2), p.203. Jang, J.Y. and Kim, C.N., 2016. An Analysis of the Effects of Knowledge Complementarities on the Performance of Information System Audit: A Perspective of the Resident Audit in the Project Office.Journal of the Korea society of IT services,15(1), pp.113-129. Kannan, Y.H., Skantz, T.R. and Higgs, J.L., 2014. The impact of CEO and CFO equity incentives on audit scope and perceived risks as revealed through audit fees.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,33(2), pp.111-139. Lothe, R. 2013. Fish feed-research may help reduce world hunger, ScienceNordic, 17 Mar/13, Retrieved on 11, Jul/16 from: 20 https://sciencenordic.com/fish-feed-research-may-helpreduce-world-hunger. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015.Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Mironeasa, C. and Codină, G.G., 2013. A new approach of audit functions and principles.Journal of Cleaner Production,43, pp.27-36. Rust, M., Barrows, F., Hardy, R., Lazur, A., Naughten, K., Silverstein, J. 2011. The Future of Aquafeeds, NOAA/USDA Alternative Feeds Initiative, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/SPO-124, Retrieved on 11 Jul/16 from: https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/docs/feeds/the_future_of_aquafeeds_final.pdf. Sadgrove, K., 2016.The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Sanderson, I., 2013. Tools for IT governance assurance: using recent updates of ISACA's Information Systems Audit and Assurance Standards alongside COBIT 5 can help auditors evaluate their organization's information systems governance.Internal Auditor,70(5), pp.51-54. Waldron, M., 2016. The Future of Audit.CFA Institute Magazine,27(3), pp.55-55. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016. Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach.Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach. Zadek, S., Evans, R. and Pruzan, P., 2013.Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. Routledge. Zeff, S.A., 2016.Forging accounting principles in five countries: A history and an analysis of trends. Routledge.

A Comparative Study of the Development of Ragtime free essay sample

Blues, work songs, ragtime, spirituals, and minstrel songs were, in their own ways, all part of the great Fractionation of American music that was originated by enslaved Africans in the southern United States. But the greatest of the musical forms developed In this process was jazzone of the major American contributions to world culture. Each of these forms of music made essential contributions to the development of Jazz Itself but each, more or less, retained Its own Integrity and none could be said to have been transformed into jazz.What differentiated Jazz from these earlier styles was the widespread use of improvisation, often by more than one player at a time. Jazz represented a break from Western musical traditions, where the composer wrote a piece of music on paper and the musicians then tried their best to play exactly what was in the score. In a Jazz piece, the song is often Just a starting point or frame of reference for the musicians to Improvise around. The song might have been a popular ditty or blues that they didnt compose, but by the time they were finished with it they had composed a new piece that often bore little resemblance to the original song.Many of these virtuoso musicians were not good sight readers and some could not read music at all, nevertheless their playing thrilled audiences and the spontaneous music they created captured a joy and sense of adventure that was an exciting and radical departure from the music of that time. The first Jazz was played by African-American and Creole musicians In New Orleans. The cornet player, Buddy Bolder Is generally considered to be the first real Jazz musician. Other early players included Freddie Sheppard, Bunk Johnson and Clarence Williams.Although these musicians names are unknown to most people, then and owe, their ideas are still being elaborated to this day. Most of these men could not make a living with their music and were forced to work menial Jobs to get by. Throughout the growth of Jazz music, various forms were created and developed In different geographic regions. Two very notable styles of Jazz music are Ragtime and Dixieland. TLS paper will analyze and explore the development of both Ragtime and Dixieland throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century. Ragtime rhythms appeared in print as early as the first half of the nineteenth century, but the first published ragtime piece is generally acknowledged to be Mississippi Rag, composed by William Krill in 1897. Later that same year, Tom Turnip became the first black composer to publish a ragtime composition with his work Harlem Rag. Both are well crafted and suggest that the ragtime style had been In Incubation for some time prior to their appearance. By the turn of the century, the ragtime craze was in full swing, so much so that highbrow critics felt compelled to attack it. Ragtimes days are numbered, declared Metronome magazine. We are sorry to hint that anyone should imagine that ragtime was of the least musical importance. It was a popular wave in the wrong direction. That same year, the American Federation musicians know what is good, and if the people dont, we will have to teach them. 1 In the midst of this rapid dissemination of a new musical style, the term rag invariably became both overused and misapplied, often being employed to denote a wide range of African-American musical idioms.Many pieces from this period use the word rag in their title while bearing little resemblance to what has come to be now as classic rag style, Just as many so-called blues compositions strayed, sometimes considerably, from the standard twelve-bar form. Nevertheless as the style evolved, ragtime developed into a structured four-theme form, with each melody typically encompassing sixteen bars. The most common form for these classic rag pieces was BACKED, with a modulation to a different key typically employed for the C theme.Although the published ragtime compositions came to include vocal works and band arrangements, this style reached its highest pitch as a f orm of solo piano music. In many ways, the spread of this Jubilant new music went hand in hand with the growing popularity of pianos in turn-of-the-century American households. Between 1890 and 1909, total piano production in the United States grew from under 100,000 instruments per year to over 350,000and it is worth noting that 1909 marked the peak level not only in American piano production, but also in the number of ragtime pieces published.By 1911, a staggering 295 separate companies manufacturing pianos had set up operations in the United States, with another 69 businesses producing piano supplies. During this same period, player pianos increasingly made their way into homes and gathering places. In 1897, the same year that witnessed the publication of the first ragtime piece, the Angelus cabinet player piano, the first such instrument to use a pneumatic push-up device to depress the keys, was released to an enthusiastic marketplace. By 1919 player pianos constituted over half the output of the U. S. Piano industry. These two powerful trends, the spread of pianos into American households and the growing popularity of mechanical player pianos, helped spur the enormous public demand or ragtime music during the early years of the twentieth century. This unprecedented outpouring of ragtime artistry was centered, to a striking degree, in a fairly small geographical area. Just as the rural blues blossomed in the atmosphere of the Mississippi Delta, and as early Jazz would later flourish in the environs of New Orleans, so early ragtime reached its zenith in turn-of-the-century Missouri. The cities of Saddles, Cartage, and SST.Louis, among others, boasted a glittering array of rag composers, as well as an ambitious group of music publishers who recognized the extraordinary body of talent at hand. In Saddles, a booming railroad town that almost became the state capital, Scott Joplin gathered a cadre of promising rag composers around him, including his students Scott Hayden and Arthur Marshall. Saddles mu sic publisher John Stark, a major advocate for ragtime in general and Joplin in particular, proved to be an important catalyst in bringing the work of these local composers to the attention of the broader public. Stark, Joplin, and Hayden eventually moved to SST. Louis, another major center of rag activity during these glory years. The local composers here included Louis Chauvinism, an exceptionally talented dative of the city who left behind all too few compositions, as well as Tom Turnip and Artier Matthews. In Cartage, Missouri, James Scott created a number of outstanding where Scott worked. With the exception of Joseph Lamb, a white composer from Montclair, New Jersey, virtually all the leading exponents of the classic rag style made their home, at one point or another, in Missouri.Scott Joplin stands out as the greatest of these composers. While others may have written rags that were more technically demanding or boasted more striking novelty effects, none could approach he structural elegance, the melodic inventiveness, or the unflagging commitment to artistry that characterized Joplin major works. Nor would any other rag composer match Joplin ambitions for the musicambitions that led to the composition of two operas, a ballet, and other works that squarely challenged the lowbrow reputation of the rag idiom.Although his more daring works never gained the acceptance, at least during his lifetime, that Joplin craved, his reputation stands out today all the more due to the high standards to which he aspired. Joplin was born in Texans, Texas, n November 24, 1868. His father, the former slave Giles Joplin, had played the violin for house parties given by the local slave-owner in the days before the Emancipation Proclamation, while his mother, Florence Givens Joplin, sang and played the banjo.The banjo may have had a particular impact on Coots musical sensibilities: the syncopated rhythms of nineteenth-century African-American banjo music are clear predecessors of the later piano rag style. While Scott was still in his youth, his father left the family, and his mother was forced to rely on domestic work to support her six hillier. Joplin exhibited his affinity for the keyboard at an early age. He often accompanied his mother to the houses where she worked and would play and improvise on the piano while she went about her chores.By his teens, Joplin had established himself as a professional pianist, with opportunities to play at churches, clubs, and social gatherings in the border area of Texas and Arkansas. Later he became involved in teaching music as well as in singing with a vocal quintet that performed widely in the region. During this period, Joplin made his first attempts at composition. At some point in the mid-sass, Joplin moved to SST. Louis, where he earned his livelihood primarily as a pianist, both as a soloist in saloons and other nightspots as well as with a band.The ensemble work gave Joplin an opportunity to develop the skills in arranging that would later reach their pinnacle in orchestrations for his two operas. Joplin made his home in SST. Louis for almost a decade, but he traveled widely during these years. At some point in the mid-sass, Joplin settled down in Saddles, where he eventually began studying harmony and composition at the nearby George R. Smith College for Negroes. Around 1897, Joplin wrote the Maple Leaf Rag, a composition that would soon become the most famous ragtime piece of its day.It wasnt until two years later that John Stark published the work, and in the first year only four hundred copies were sold. But in the fall of 1900, the Maple Leaf Rag caught on with the general public, eventually becoming the first piece of sheet music to sell more than one million copies. This figure is all the more stunning when one realizes that there were fewer than 100,000 professional musicians and music teachers in the United States at the time. Amateur pianists, for their part, must have found it anything but easy to navigate the technical and rhythmic difficulties of Joplin celebrated rag.However, many purchased the sheet music and labored over its intricate syncopation. Joplin career produced a plethora Civil War period [1861-65], African-Americans in the south were freed from slavery. In New Orleans, many blacks began forming bands and played for many occasions, such as church and lodge events, parades, picnics, celebrations, and funerals. They played much the way they had sungusing the African natural vocal style with employ rhythmic structures. By the sass, small bands of 5 to 8 players were being formed and Dixieland Jazz was launched. Usually these bands consisted of three solo instruments and a rhythm section. The solo instruments included the cornet or trumpet, the clarinet, and the trombone. The cornet usually played the main melody of the piece, the clarinet wove an improvised second part above the cornet part (usually in a faster rhythm), and the trombone added slides for rhythmic drive. The syncopation and rhythmic independence of the melodic instruments created a ravenous sense of excitement. This use of three different parts is an example of polyphony, mentioned in the first section of this curriculum guide.The rhythm section clearly marked the beat and provided a background of chords to support the three solo instruments. This section usually consisted of a banjo or guitar, drums, a tuba, and sometimes a piano. String bass and the saxophone were later added during the sasss. The tunes of New Orleans Jazz were usually based on well known pieces such as marches, church melodies, ragtime pieces, popular songs, or specially the 12-bar blues. The Jazz bands rarely used written music; in fact, most of the musicians were self-taught and could not read music. A new player was told, Just listen awhile, then play what you feel. Like folk music, this type of Jazz was handed down through an aural / oral tradition, not by a written one. There was a set formula for playing Dixieland. One or more choruses of collective improvisation generally occurred at the beginning and the end of a piece, called Jamming. In between, individual players were featured in improvised solos, accompanied by the withy section or by the whole band. Sometimes there were brief unaccompanied solos, called breaks. The bands performance might begin with an introduction and end with a brief coda, or tag.Often these bands marched through the city of New Orleans, or rode in horse-drawn wagons with advertising strips on each side (the bands played to attract attention to the advertising). The band, particularly the three solo instruments, were called the front line. People attracted to the band would walk in front of, along side, or behind the band. They were called the second line. Usually the trombone player sat in the rear of the wagon on the open tailgate, facing backwards, so he would not bump into other players with the slide part of the instrument.The terms tailgate slide and tailgate trombone come from this way of sitting in the wagon. The term Dixieland became widely used after the advent of the first million-selling hit records of the Original Dixieland Sass Band in 1917. The music has been played continuously since the early part of the 20th century. Louis Armstrongs All-stars was the band most popularly identified with Dixieland, although Armstrongs own influence runs through all of Jazz. Many Dixieland groups consciously imitated the recordings and bands of decades earlier.Other musicians continued to create innovative performances and original new tunes. Some fans of post bebop Jazz consider Dixieland to no longer be a vital part of Jazz, while some adherents consider music in the traditional style, when well and creatively played, is jazz is the first indigenous American style to affect music in the rest of the World. From the beat of ragtime syncopation and driving brass bands to soaring gospel hours mixed with field hollers and the deep down growl of the blues, Jazzs many roots are celebrated almost everywhere in the United States.Throughout the years jazz has developed and changed in various ways but still holds true to its roots. From the inception of the idea of Jazz various forms of this style of music were derived. Two very significant of these fundamental forms are ragtime and Dixieland. During the late 19th Century and early 20th Century these two sectors of Jazz developed and are still well appreciated and utilized in the music society of today.