PAPER ON HUMANS AND ANDROIDs based on books I SING THE BODY ELECTRIC Essay

PAPER ON HUMANS AND ANDROIDs based on books I SING THE BODY ELECTRIC and movie THE ELECTRIC GRANDMOTHER - Essay Example Terror Management Theory that is built mostly from the notions of Ernest Becker begins with the idea that humans, as opposed to other creatures, face something that is possibly terrifying: the attention of our own death rate in addition to the desire to stay alive. In the words of Terror Management Theory co-creator Sheldon Solomon, the attention that you are intended to wither away to nothingness, and in turn are no more significant than a reptile or a spud, is not particularly impressive to anyone. So how do individuals deal with this awareness? From a Terror Management Theory strategy, individuals deal with death rate by doubting their own death rate, and preventing considering it. They hold back the terror, generally (for example, loss of lifestyle ideas enhance a prevention inspiration, lead individuals to embellish the potential length of their lifestyle and death ideas lower after individuals are advised of death). But, this strategy certainly is not able to a degree. We know we will die, no matter how much we try and avoid considering it. So, individuals developed social signs of significance and value that offer a sense of significance and significance, and eventually, growing old, when individuals stay up to and maintain the factors of these values (hence the human need for self-esteem), as a means of dealing with their own loss of lifestyle. This immortality can either be representational, such as by splitting information or causing worldviews and categories that continue beyond a persons loss of lifestyle, or actual, as in perception in lifestyle after death. In ‘Electric Grandmother’, a mother is replaced by an android in order for them to stay with the father and not be taken away. We find that they find an advertisement for Facsimiles’ Unlimited, a company who proclaims "I Sing the Body Electric," which is a robotic grandmother who will provide care and love to families. This is initially is just to take care

The Factors That Can Affect An Individual Essay Example for Free

The Factors That Can Affect An Individual Essay The factors that can affect an individual’s views on death and dying and include social factors, cultural, religious and spirit I believe ones religion plays a big part. Many suicide bombers believe that if they fight the religious war and become a hero through death they will get many virgins as a reward in the afterlife. Therefore they dont mind killing themselves. Most people view the idea of death through the glasses of their trained religion teachings. Death is a personal event that man cannot describe for himself. As far back as we can tell, man has been both intrigued by death and fearful of it; he has been motivated to seek answers to the mystery and to seek solutions to his anxiety. Every known culture has provided some answer to the meaning of death; for death, like birth or marriage, is universally regarded as a socially significant Event, set off by ritual and supported by institutions. It is the final rite de passage. The social and psychological aspects of death have been studied by anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists, and psychiatrists; and the main outlines of their understandings can be summarized on three levels—cultural, social, and individual. The meanings which have been attached to death in most cultures include beliefs in some kind of existence after death; most peoples—save the no literate—have entertained theories of personal salvation; and religion, philosophy, and political ideology have provided some answers to man’s quest for the meaning of death. The relationship between death and the social structure has received little systematic attention from social scientists, although there is much research on the social prescriptions for bereavement, especially as these relate to ritualistic mourning and individual grief. Scattered empirical studies suggest that, for the individual in the contemporary Western world, matters of death are less salient than those of living, although there are clear traces of a latent and underlying ambivalence. Spiritual, religious, and cultural beliefs and practices play a significant role in the lives of patients who are seriously ill and dying. In addition to providing an ethical foundation for clinical decision making, spiritual  and religious traditions provide a conceptual framework for understanding the human experience of death and dying, and the meaning of illness and suffering Death is a personal event that man cannot describe for himself. As far back as we can tell, man has been both intrigued by death and fearful of it; he has been motivated to seek answers to the mystery and to seek solutions to his anxiety. Every known culture has provided some answer to the meaning of death; for death, like birth or marriage, is universally regarded as a socially significant event, set off by ritual and supported by institutions. It is the final rite de passage. The social and psychological aspects of death have been studied by anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists, and psychiatrists ; and the main outlines of their understandings can be summarized on three levels—cultural, social, and ind Adults experiencing a death feel a whole range of emotions including panic, shock, disbelief, hopelessness, irritability, isolation, and sometimes even relief if the death comes after a long, painful, lingering illness. They need time to go through different stages of grief. Just as with teens, adults may become depressed, and their physical and mental health may suffer. They also may worry about the practical effects the death will have on their life. For example, their financial security may change. Having friends who are good listeners and who offer practical help when needed can ease adults through difficult emotional times. Many people, both children and adults, find short term professional counselling and grief support groups helpful in understanding their emotions and knowing that they are not going through the grief process alone. After death, virtually all religions and cultures perform some ceremony to mark the death and celebrate the life and memories of the person who has died. There ceremonies and rituals are very important to the survivors. Occasionally before a funeral can occur, an autopsy must be done to determine precisely the cause of death. Autopsies are usually done in the event of an unexpected death or where criminal activity is suspected. The idea of an autopsy may be very disturbing to the survivors. During an autopsy, a specialist medical doctor called a pathologist examines  the body and submits a detailed report on the cause of death. Although an autopsy can do nothing for the individual after death, the information it provides can benefit the family and, in some cases, medical science. For example, the link between smoking and lung cancer was confirmed from data gathered through autopsy. 10.Respect the physicians professional responsibility to discontinue some treatments when appropriate, with consideration for both patient and family preferences; 11.Promote clinical and evidence-based research on providing care at the end of life. Cultural Aspects of Death and Dying Posted by Marcia Carteret, M. Ed. in Cultural Health Beliefs + Behaviors, Special Topics While the end of life experience is universal, the behaviors associated with expressing grief are very much culturally bound. Death and grief being normal life events, all cultures have developed ways to cope with death in a respectful manner, and interfering with these practices can disrupt people’s ability to cope during the grieving process. While health care providers cannot be expected to know the mourning ceremonies and traditions of each family’s culture, understanding some basics about how different cultures may prepare for and respond to death is important. Though difficult to ask, there are crucial questions that need to be part of conversations between doctors and nurses and families. For example: What are the cultural rituals for coping with dying, the deceased person’s body, the final arrangements for the body and honoring the death? What are the family’s beliefs about what happens after death? †¢What does the family consider to be the roles of each family member in handling the death? †¢Who should the doctor talk to about test results or diagnosis? †¢Are certain types of death less acceptable (for example, suicide) or are certain types of death especially hard to handle for that culture (for example, the death of a child – this example may seem too obvious, but in countries with high  infant mortality, there are indeed different attitudes about the loss of children.)3 This list of questions is so important because patients and families should be viewed as a source of knowledge about their special/cultural needs and norms – but health care professionals sometimes are at a loss about what to ask under such trying circumstances. There is perhaps no area where reliance on cultural reference books is less useful. The degree of acculturation is absolutely paramount in determining the beliefs and traditions a family will follow when coping with impending death, post-death arrangements and mourning. While we can find many similarities across cultures, such as wearing black as a sign of mourning, there are always exceptions. In China, for example, white is the color of death and mourning. Part of why the degree of acculturation is highly significant is that blending belief systems becomes more pronounced in highly acculturated persons. There are places in the world where accommodation is made for multiple faiths. For example, in Nigeria there is a triple heritage of Christianity, Islam, and ancestor worship2. Similar blending can be found in Caribbean nations and Mexico where Catholicism can be mixed with indigenous folk beliefs like Voodoo and Curanderismo. Another layer of expectation comes with living in the United States culture and relying on the Western medical culture. The mix of cultural/religious attitudes and behaviors surrounding death and dying can become very complex indeed. And when a death actually occurs, some individuals suddenly choose to break with tradition entirely, often creating chaos within families. What follows in this article are some important points of consideration, but the list is introductory in nature at best. There is a strong focus on religions because religion can be thought of as a cultural system of meaning that helps to solve problems of uncertainty, powerlessness, and scarcity that death creates. In placing death within a religious perspective, bereaved persons find meaning for an event that for many is inexplicable.1 (Each underlined heading is a link to further resources for readers.) Monotheistic Religions: Especially since the events of 911 changed many  people’s views of Muslims, it is important to be aware that Christians and Muslims both believe death is a transition to a more glorious place and both believe in the sovereignty of a God (Allah) in matters of loss and take consolation in phrases such as â€Å"Allah giveth and Allah taketh away.† Both are also faiths springing from a single scripture, founder or sacred place. Readings from the Koran or Bible are important parts of the recognizing the departure of a loved one from this life. Similarly, in the Jewish faith, there is the expression mourners recite a few minutes before a funeral begins: â€Å"The Lord has given and the Lord has taken, blessed be the name of the Lord.† Both Muslims and Christians believe in the afterlife and view worldly life much in terms of preparing for eternal life. In the Jewish tradition, the focus is on the purpose of earthly life, which is to fulfill one’s duties to god and one’s fellow man. Succeeding at this brings reward, failing at it brings punishment. The traditions around death and dying differ greatly across all three major monotheistic religious systems (as well as within different branches of each faith, i.e. Jehovah’s Witnesses and Mormonism in Christianity). They are highly nuanced and very hard for outsiders to understand thoroughly. Key rituals and practices that differ widely between religions include the preparation of the deceased person’s body, the permissibility of organ donation, and the choosing of cremation vs. burial. Ancestor Worship: The premise of ancestor worship is based on understanding that the course of life is cyclical not linear. Those who are dead may not be seen physically, but are alive in a different world and/or can reincarnate in new births. Ancestor worship in various forms can be found in many parts of the world and is very strong in parts of Africa and Asia. Many Native Americans and Buddhists alike believe that the living co-exist with the dead. A central theme in all ancestor worship is that the lives of the dead may have supernatural powers over those in the living world – the ability to bless, curse, give or take life. In some cultures, worship of the dead is important, and includes making offerings of food, money, clothing, and blessings. In China there is the annual observance of â€Å"sweeping the graves† and as its name denotes, it is a time for people to tend the graves  of the departed ones. In Mexico, there is The Day of the Dead (Dia de los Muertos), a holiday that focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember those who have died. The Day of the Dead is also celebrated by many Latin Americans living in the U.S. and Canada. The intent of the celebration is to encourage visits by the souls of the departed so that those souls will hear the prayers and the comments of the living directed at them. It makes sense that in cultures where ancestor worship is common, the acceptance of organ donation and cremation may be low. Buddhism and Hinduism: Hinduism does not have roots springing from a single scripture, founder or sacred place. It is more like an umbrella term describing a set of philosophies and ways of life. Buddhism has a single founder, but the Buddha is not prayed to in the same sense as a God or Allah. Buddhism is also a set of philosophies for living. There are marked differences between the two, or course, but in both death is not seen as the end of life; it is merely the end of the body we inhabit in this life. The spirit remains and will seek attachment to a new body and a new â€Å"life† – in Buddhism it is called a â€Å"kulpa,† which is a unit of time. Where a given person will be born again is a result of the past and the accumulation of positive and negative action, and the result of karma. Followers of both traditions keep in mind the impermanence of life. The transition of a soul to a new life is very important so both traditions observe specific rituals at the time of dying and the handling of the body. The corpse of a Buddhist should not be touched for 3-8 hours after breathing ceases as the spirit lingers on for some time. Hindus believe the body of the dead must be bathed, massaged in oils, dressed in new clothes, and then cremated before the next sunrise. It follows that cremation would be acceptable in a faith where the soul will be released to find another body to inhabit. Truth-telling to Patients: In collectivist cultures, the good of the individual is often so enmeshed with the good of the family or in-group that family members may have a greater say in health care decisions than the patient does in some circumstances. In many countries, family members may become very upset if a physician reveals bad news directly to the patient. Families and patients may place great value on the right NOT to know! This  is completely at odds with the standards set forth in the Patient Self Determination Act http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Self-Determination_Act which secures certain rights legally for all patients in the U.S. The health care system needs to be flexible enough to accommodate communication patterns that look different from those within the informed-consent tradition which insists doctors and nurses tell patients everything. So, a key question in cross-cultural health care situations would be: Who do you want me to talk to about test results or diagnosis? Expressions of Grief: In some cultures, showing grief, including wailing, is expected of mourners because the more torment displayed and the more people crying, the more the person was loved. In other cultures, restraint is expected. Rules in Egypt and Bali, both Islamic countries, are opposite; in Bali women may be strongly discouraged from crying, while in Egypt women are considered abnormal if they don’t nearly incapacitate themselves with demonstrative weeping. In Japan, it is extremely important not to show one’s grief for a number of reasons. Death should be seen as a time of liberation and not sorrow, and one should bear up under misfortune with strength and acceptance. One never does anything to make someone else uncomfortable. In Latino cultures, it may be appropriate for women to wail, but men are not expected to show overt emotion due to â€Å"machismo.† In China, hiring professional wailers may be customary in funerals, which may sound odd, but this w as also a common practice in Victorian England. Conclusion: For health care professionals, providing culturally sensitive bereavement/end of life care is understandably an issue of discomfort. Language and cultural barriers obviously compound the challenges of being professionally appropriate and compassionate. Patients and families may be in need of compassion, advice, and guidance from doctors and nurses, but often the realities of a given situation include a press for time and both physical and emotional exhaustion among providers and families. It happens – sometimes we simply fail, in the moment, to express sufficient sensitivity and warmth when critical decisions must be made. The clinical facts are immediate and demand logical linear thinking which is natural for those  trained in the Western medical tradition. For many cultures, such a direct approach may seem harsh, and decisions about something like organ donation might be experienced as inhumane immediately upon death. The questions suggested in this article can be used to ease some of the communication challenges and facilitate more openness between health care professionals and families around death and dying. Of course they should be tailored to the context of a given situation.

Requirement English Composition :: essays research papers

Few Americans can understand the elaborate and superlative language of the Constitution or Declaration of Independence. This results from a lack in English education in all academic tiers. Dropping English composition from the requirements for Associate degrees would further decimate the form and lexicon of our verbal and written language by removing a critical exposure to language development. An erosion of complexity in language would result, affecting every level of existence. A diluted language would destroy critical thinking and remove the tools that allow people to intellectually express themselves. Thus, society would take another step towards approximating ignoramuses. We can hardly suffer anymore erosion of our language before it becomes entirely consumed by four letter words and contractions. Composition is a cure to this disease. When a student witnesses the impotence of their writing they can perceive the need to improve their writing abilities. It forces students to purify their thoughts and therefore use more elaborate yet succinct words. Without a medium to see their weakness there is no incentive to change and empowerment does not occur. The process of putting words to paper gives students a concrete example of their thoughts. They are allowed to analyze their views with an outside perspective. This facilitates a critical thinking state of mind in which the student can better develop their thoughts. Critical thinking enables students to move away from colloquialisms and clichà ©s as they struggle to improve and clarify their writing. Thus, critical thinking necessitates advancement in the ability to express complex ideas. This reinforces the demand for the student to develop a manifold and potent vocabulary. It will be a tragic day when Americans cannot understand the

A Group of Investors

Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the sequel rights associated with films produced by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either purchase all the sequel rights for a studio's entire production during a specified period of time or purchase a specified number of major films. Arundel's profitability is dependent upon the price it pays for a portfolio of sequel rights. Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes a net present value calculation of each movie production company.In order to decide whether Arundel can make money buying movie sequel rights depends on whether the net present value of the production company's movies is higher than the estimated 2M per film required to purchase the rights. 1. Why do the principals of Arundel Partners think they can make money buying movie sequel rights? 2. Why do the partners want to bu y a portfolio of rights in advance rather than negotiating film-by-film to buy them? 3. Estimate the per-film value of a portfolio of sequel rights such as Arundel proposes to buy. You may use all or parts of Exhibits 6 to 9.You may also find it helpful to consult the Appendix that explains how these numbers were prepared. Assume an annual discount rate of 12% for risky film cash flows, and a risk-free rate of 6%. a) First, simply compute the value of the portfolio (i. e. at the time Arundel pays for the rights) using the traditional NPV approach, ignoring embedded options. Based on this method, how much should Arundel be willing to pay per sequel right? As can be seen in exhibit to solution 2, we have estimated the per-film value of each production company.MCA Universal, Warner Brothers and Walt Disney Co are the only production companies that provide a positive per film value, with values of 9. 89, 1. 92, 12. 56 million respectively. This value is calculated by dividing the net pr esent value of all the movies by the total number of movies. We also calculated the average value of each production company based upon their share of the total number of movies produced. The companies with positive values were MCA Universal, Warner Brothers and Walt Disney Co is also the only production companies that provide a positive per film value, with values of 1. 0, 0. 37, 1. 40 million respectively. These values are based on the average value per film multiplied by the companyæŠ ¯ average share of the industry. b) Second, modify the NPV approach to account for the embedded option(s), explaining the nature of the option(s) you focus on. What is the implied value per right? 4. What problems or disagreements would you expect Arundel and a major studio to encounter in the course of a relationship like that described in the case? What contractual terms and provisions should Arundel insist on?

The Therapy Group Health And Social Care Essay

Taking into consideration the peculiar traits of my personality and my ain experiences on a idiosyncratic degree every bit good as on an interpersonal communicating degree, I have concluded that the most representative theoretical psychotherapeutic attack for myself is the 1 of Carl Rogers ‘ . The basic rules of the healer ‘s earnestness, genuineness and â€Å" understanding † , every bit good as credence, empathy and apprehension of the patient constitute some characteristics that comply with my point of position. The Rogerian impression group centered therapy, every bit good as the impression of self-actualisation reflect most accurately the values that I would wish to function. I?I ±I? I?I ±I„ ‘ I µIˆI ­I?I„I ±I?I · the â€Å" group centered † . I respect profoundly the client ‘s authorization to be able to find himself the therapy he needs and to take it at his ain gait ; therefore, run intoing his basic demands fo r acknowledgment, equal intervention and grasp. The topic of the therapy group which I would organize would be the support of people with physical disablements. The grounds of this pick are varied: first of all, it is an issue that intrigues me ; I find it peculiarly interesting, disputing and attractive from a humanistic, but besides from a professional point of position. So, I would wish to specialise in guidance and psychotherapeutics of people with disablements, as a professional option. The topographic point in which meetings will be held is a critical issue for the group, because people in wheel-chairs must hold entree towards their finish. It is really of import for them to experience that they can travel approximately and go around comfortably, without troubles and obstructions such as stepss, narrow lifts, long distances and other similar hindrances. The physical scene of the group must give them a sense of being welcomed, without stressing their distinction. For that ground, it is indispensable that the topographic point of meetings be easy accessible to people with gesture disablements ( for illustration, means of mass transit that can function them ) . The infinite must be on the groundfloor and if it is on a higher degree the lift must be big plenty and rage should be available. Besides, the dimensions of the room must let a comfy moving in it. Furthermore, that topographic point has to supply the members with privateness, freedom from distraction and to let them to sit in a circle, so that they can see, detect and interact straight with one another. The nature of that group involves some specialnesss. The fact that, these people get tired easy and rapidly, every bit good as that they need person else to assist and function them sets some bounds. The continuance of the meetings should non transcend, but respect the members ‘ physical bounds. On the other manus, the clip must be plenty, so that the group will be able to analyse all the issues raised by all members. So, a meeting should last 2 to 2,5 hours with 1 or 2 interruptions. Of class, in instance of any crisis or occasion during a meeting, the session can last more than 2,5 hours. Because of the specialnesss of these people, the fast beat of life and of fiscal grounds, the frequence of the meetings would be one time a hebdomad. The life-span of the group would be brief and would last about six months, in other words 25-30 meetings. The short life-span presupposes that the leader will be required to maintain attending to some affairs. As the healer, I will hold to clear up the ends of the group and to remain focused on them. The choice and the readying of the members must be done with great attention, so that dropouts and misinterpretations are prevented. By and large, the limited life of the group requires a specific mental set and clip direction.Size of the GroupThe ideal size of the group would be 7-8 members. It is a figure of participants that allows effectual interaction among them. The group would be closed ; therefore, given that some members could drop out, it would be functional to get down the group with a spot larger size, that is to state with 8-9 people. The tracts of interaction will be unfastened among all members, including the leader, as shown in the diagram.( The points stand for the membe rs and the healer of the group, while the lines represent the synergistic tracts of communicating. )Intake procedures – a ) The Selection of MembersThe manner that the choice of members is accomplished is irregular. The healer, on a general footing, must be concerned with which patient will be excluded from the group and so, more specifically, with who will be included. It is easier to find the people who do non run into the demands of engagement, than the 1s who do. This process will take topographic point during the pregroup consumption interview. The basic standard for the exclusion of some individuals from the group is his likeliness for dropout. Therefore, during the consumption interview all the features and the factors which may ensue in dropout must be clarified. Peoples with terrible abnormal psychology, lower IQ, less psychological mindedness and likeability, lower socioeconomic category, high denial to alter and high somatization are really likely to dropout. External factors like scheduling jobs, traveling of the town and declaration of some instant crisis could take to premature expiration of the therapy. Group deviancy, jobs of familiarity, fright of emotional contagious disease, coincident person and group therapy constitute some of the factors for dropout and must be screened out and examined with cautiousness and duty. Peoples with features and attitudes as the above would be excluded. Without dissing, I would propose them to get down an single therapy, or I would mention them to another group suited with their demands and ends. On the other manus, there are some human traits that could take to a successful engagement in the group. Peoples with grate motive and willingness are the best campaigners for the group. Besides, the credence of duty for intervention and the desire to alter are positive characteristics and standards for inclusion in the group. Therefore, the group will able to work functionally and to ensue in, the positive result of alteration.B ) The Intake InterviewAll the above are portion of the consumption interview. The intent of the interview is, on one manus, the definition of the standards for exclusion or inclusion in the group and on the other manus, the anticipation of the interpersonal behaviour of the members. Therefore, during the prescreening interview, the object of the enquiry is non merely the patient as a topic of psychological scrutiny and diagnosing, but besides his interpersonal attitudes, accomplishments and interaction with the healer. I think it is necessary for the individual who is traveling to take part in the therapy group to undergo a series of diagnostic procedures, such as a recording of his single background, an IQ trial and a projective trial. For that intent, as a healer I have in my disposal the Weschler IQ trial and the I ¤.I‘.I ¤ . personality trial ( Thematic Apperception Test ) . The interpersonal consumption interview is every bit of import as the â€Å" diagnosing † . This procedure aims at analyzing the abilities and qualities of the patient, so that he can run into the demands for interpersonal communicating with the healer. The conditions of the interview have to be every bit similar as possible to those that will be shaped in the group. This is necessary, because the more similar they are, the more accurate and distinct the anticipation of interpersonal behaviour will be. Thus, the healer ‘s duty is to make an ambiance and norms resembling to those of the meetings ( such as freedom of address, regard of others, honestness, active engagement, interaction, self-contemplation, self-disclosure, giving-taking feedback, etc ) . Furthermore, it is of import that the interview will mention to â€Å" here and now † , so that the observation may take to the most utile information. Finally, the prospective member will be submitted to inquiries related to his/her past interpersonal relationships in the household, work, school, nines etc. To finish the consumption interview, I think two or three meetings at least are required. The clip before the beginning of the group therapy is important for the illation extraction about the hereafter members, every bit good as for their psychological readying.degree Celsius ) Preparation of the MembersThe members ‘ readying for the therapy aims at making the fortunes which are important for their best and most effectual engagement into the group. Therefore, during the initial process, I consider elucidation of certain misinterpretations refering group therapy, really of import. Of equal importance are: informing the prospective member about some issues that he/she might disregard, beef uping his/her positive elements sing therapy and cut downing the negative 1s. It is particularly of import that group therapy is considered every bit valuable as the single 1. Furthermore, for the specific people, group therapy is likely to be a more efficient and immediate intervention, every bit far as the peculiar ends are concerned and this has to be clear ; it is necessary that the belief in and the outlook from the therapy is instilled. During the readying phase, the healer must be certain that every member ‘s personal ends from the therapy suit the group ‘s ends. Furthermore, the leader has to do a description and a full presentation of the procedures which will be followed and of the curative environment, stressing the of import elements of safety and trust. I would depict the group as a school of self-exploration and find, every bit good as an chance for societal look and engagement. I would propose to the members to be simple, honest and direct, in order to take part in the group the best manner they can ; besides, I would advert the uncomfortable feelings and the possible letdowns they might see, indicating out that the â€Å" alteration † might necessitate some hurting and, decidedly, some clip. In add-on to that, I would advert the basic regulations of confidentiality, every bit good as the necessity of avoiding subgrouping. The readying stage helps the prospective members to go familiar with the thought and the future work of the group. Therefore, their motivations to fall in the group will be stimulated, while any possible anxiousness or emphasis will be decreased.The Group CompositionHarmonizing to the description and the particular characteristics of the group, it could be considered as a homogenous therapy group. The fact that the members will hold a similar organic structure image and symptoms, leads to that decision. However, this homogeneousness will non mention to the personalities of the people. In order to be functional, the group should integrate different personalities and behaviours, so that the members can work on an synergistic footing. As a healer, I do non mean to make a hapless group, which will merely supply a short alleviation of psychological symptoms and a support for a limited clip. On the contrary, the coexistence of many different and heterogenous sorts of behaviour and of assorted psychological ways of confronting the job -physical disability- will ensue in a more synergistic and disputing group. Furthermore, the members will change in age, but they will belong to the same age class ( grownups, 20-50 old ages old ) . A great age difference could do troubles in communicating and common apprehension among them, or it could convey a sense of isolation. The symptom homogeneousness is likely to trip a series of curative factors, in a really short period of clip. The fact that the members will portion common and similar experiences in relation to their physical specialness, will ensue in coherence and catholicity even from the first meetings. The support they will offer one another and the exchange of suggestions and advice on specific issues, will convey into action selflessness and interpersonal acquisition. On the other manus, the already activated curative factors will assist with the more mature confrontation of any struggles or dissensions during the therapy, raised from the members ‘ heterogeneousness. Therefore, the coexistence of those two elements, homogeneousness and heterogeneousness, is of critical importance for the positive result of the therapy.Announcement of the GroupThe proclamation of the therapy group can be done in many different ways. First, it can be advertised in certain specialised magazines, which addr ess to people with disablements, such as â€Å" ORIZONTAS TON PARAPLIGIKON † , â€Å" ISOTIMIA † and â€Å" ANAPIRIA TORA † . It can besides be published in the specialised web site www.disabled.gr. Furthermore, there can be postings hanged in the cardinal offices of the organisations for the handicapped people, every bit good as in private offices of physicians and physical therapists. Finally, a all right manner to advance the group is a personal contact with people who are likely to be interested or could inform some others about it. The response might non be so immediate, so the procedure of the proclamation has to get down rather early before the beginning day of the month of the group meetings.In conclusionaˆÂ ¦All the above describe a possible creative activity of a therapy group and of its initial processs on a theoretical footing. However, the practical execution might differ significantly from the image presented in this assignment. The leading of such a group requires exceeding professional makings and a magnetic personality in order to cover with people with physical disablements. The differentiation between the human inclinations of empathy, emotional presence, protection and support from commiseration is rather hard some times and it demands experience and particular accomplishments from the healer. The nature of the group requires a great trade of duty, which might arouse inordinate emphasis to the healer, particularly during the first meetings. However, the sense of satisfaction and fulfilment that rises from the working with such a group of people, can be really intense. Giving and assisting people who have a more obvious demand for alleviation, credence, support and love than the able-bodied, constitutes a gift of psyche, which is to be returned to the 1 who offered it. The balance lies someplace in between. The aureate mean that separates the professional healer from the emotional homo being, but which unites them at the same clip.

Transformational vs Transactional Leadership Essays

Transformational vs Transactional Leadership Essays Transformational vs Transactional Leadership Paper Transformational vs Transactional Leadership Paper Leadership Styles, High-Quality Leader-Follower (LMX) Relationships and Job Performance The current globalized economic environment is becoming increasingly dynamic and competitive forcing organizations to improve their business practices to overcome greater challenges with more flexibility, efficiency and innovation in products and internal processes (Walumbwa et al. 2005, p. 235). Certainly, there is fundamental evidence of the positive association of leadership style and the influence on follower’s behaviour as a consistent way to improve job performance and organizational outcomes (Vaccaro et al. 2010). The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the impact of transformational and transactional leadership styles on leader member exchange relationships, job performance and job satisfaction. By using theories such Weber’s conceptualization of charismatic leadership, Burns’ transactional leadership and Bass’ Four I’s of transformational leadership, this paper acknowledge the superiority of transformational over transactional leadership style in developing high-quality leader-follower (LMX) relationships, increasing followers’ job performance and Job satisfaction. Recalling previous studies which asserted the dependence of leadership effectiveness on culture and organizational size (Paul et al. 001), it seems clear that transformational leadership is a more suitable leadership style for small, large and complex companies across cultures facing the challenges of globalization of markets. The superiority of transformational leadership style in building high-quality leader-follower (LMX) relationships is given to the practice of one or more of the Four I’s leadership behaviour. Firstly, Idealized influence through a charismatic behavi our will illustrate the positive influence on followers and their performance. It is followed by the ability to motivate team work and the achievement of general goals that produce personal satisfaction and commitment with the company (inspirational motivation). Furthermore, intellectual stimulation will certainly demonstrate how innovation and creativeness is promoted and their impact on organizational results. Finally, individualized consideration in hand with LMX theory will provide an example of the undoubted benefits of dyadic relationships in ‘in-group’ such greater loyalty and commitment. Leadership styles, high-quality leader-follower (LMX) relationships and Job performance. Focusing in the work of Burns (1978) and Bass (1985) on leadership behaviours, transformational and transactional leadership have been the objective of various research in order to capture the extent to which leaders influence subordinates by involving them in the organization’s goals, or by specifying the rewards that will follow the accomplishment of those goals (Rubin et al. 2005; Yammarino et al. 1997) According to Podsakoff et al. 1990) a fundamental characteristic of transformational leadership behaviour is the ability to create a compelling vision for the organization, providing an appropriate model consistent with that vision, stimulating the acceptance of group goals, expecting high performance, providing individualized support and intellectual stimulation. In contrast, transactional leadership is primarily concern with gaining compliance from subordinates by using a contingent re ward dimension or a passive form of managing by exception. The leader specifies what is expected from organizational members and the subsequent reward for its accomplishment (Bass and Avolio 1990). According to LMX theory, a high-quality leader-follower (LMX) relationship, usually associated with dyads in the ‘in-groups’ of the organization, emphasizes in fundamental levels of loyalty, commitment, respect, affection, mutual trust and the possibility of mutual linking between leaders and followers (House et al. 1993). Transformational rather than transactional leadership is more likely to achieve this superior level in the follower-leader relationship by developing one or more of the Four I’s; Idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration (Bass, BM and Avolio, BJ (eds. ) 1994). Idealized influence A transformational leader acts in a way that becomes a role model or inspirational image for his/her followers (Zhang, X, Cao, Q and Tjosvold, D 2010) usually attributed to his/her charismatic approach. Certainly, charisma in meant to be a requirement for transformational leadership. According to Weber (1947) a charismatic leadership can inspire and motivate people to do more than originally intended. What is more, they can influence followers by arousing strong emotions in support of the organizational vision, creating a leader-follower relationship based on a common value system between leader, follower and organization (Paul et al. 2001). Towler (2003) demonstrated that workers who received a charismatic-training performed better on their knowledge test and were more satisfied with the task. Unlike, transactional leadership emphasizes in the transaction that takes place with followers based on explicit discussion of the rewards they will receive if they fulfil the requirements. As a consequence, the relationship with is limited to the leader’s ability to control the outcomes desired by followers. However, as Dorfman et al. (1999) argued, charismatic behaviour can have a negative implication on societies with a history of autocratic and despotic leaders. Inspirational motivation Undoubtedly, the contingent transactional reinforcement system motivates followers to perform in such adequate way in order to obtain the reward. However, through this system, followers’ job performance, as well as commitment, is strongly limited to fulfil the requirements of the contract in a self-satisfying attitude (Avolio,BJ, Bass, BM and Jung, DI 1999) rather than a commitment with the leader and organizational vision he/she has established. Contrary, transformational leaders promote an organizational citizenship behaviour in which team-supporting behaviours augment followers’ identification with group values. The leader motivates them to transcend from a self-concept to be committed with cooperative team goals. Followers find themself intrinsically motivated to fulfil a collective vision without expecting immediate personal and tangible gains (Wang et al. 2005). Intellectual stimulation Transformational leaders stimulate employees’ effort to be innovative and creative by questioning assumption, reframing problems and approaching situations in different ways (Vaccaro et al. 2010, p. 2). On the other hand, as Podsakoff et al, (1990) exposed, transactional leadership consist in two dimensions; Contingent reward systems, which emphasizes the institution of clear and precise agreements, and management by exception that promotes highly leadership involvement and intervention in order to monitor and ectify any divergence form standards. Amibile (1998) claims that both dimensions inhibit creativity and discourage the initiative to address new ways to facing the work. Although, currently research fail to demonstrate a universal leadership phenomena (Walumbwa et al. 2005, p. 235), transformational leadership, by using intellectual stimulation behaviours, exhibit a cross-cultural benefit on commitment, innovation and job performance, all of them being characteristics of high-quality leader-follower (LMX) relationship. Avolio, Zhu, Koh, and Puja (2004), by gathering data from staff nurses in a large public hospital in Singapore, found a positive association between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. Likewise, Geyer and Steyrer (1998), as a result of a research in Australian banks, reported that transformational leadership had positive effects on employees’ level of effort and task performance. Individual consideration A transactional leader properly identifies employees’ needs in order to make the accurate motivational transactions; as a result, both parts expectations are met and job satisfactions is improved. However the exchange is usually limited to economic or tangible benefits and does not promote leader-follower relationships. In contrast, a transformational leader pays special attention to follower’s individual needs in a widely range, such achievement and growth, by acting as a coach or mentor. The leader demonstrate acceptance for individual differences, promote two-way exchange communication and sees the individual as a person rather than as just an employee (Bass, BM and Avolio, BJ (eds. 1994). In this extent, transformational leader promotes the creation of dyadic relationships with ‘in-group’ members which usually have a high-quality relationship with the leader and are expected to be more loyal to the leader, and perform in a greater extent as an exchange for intangible benefits like career development, participation in decision making, and access to information, between others (Vaccaro et al. 2010, p. 2). According to Deluga (1992), individualized consideration and charisma were two transformational leadership factors that predicted LMX and are the cause for subordinates to behave in ways (such as making extra efforts) that strengthen relational ties with the leader. Conclusion It seems clear that transformational and transactional leadership have positive relationship with organization outcomes; however this paper clearly stated the superiority of transformational leadership on building high-quality leader-follower (LMX) relationships based on the development of the Four I’s. First, by using a charismatic approach, transformational leaders create an idealize influence that augment follower’s emotions and commitment with the leader and organizational vision. Second, this paper claimed that by using inspirational motivating behaviour, leaders motivates followers to transcend from self-interest to commitment cooperative goals which led them to perform without expecting immediate personal benefits. In contrast, the transactional exchange-relationship with followers was meant to be limited to the interest on the reward promised as exchange for their task accomplishment in a very self-satisfying attitude. Given the importance of innovation in today’s organizations, intellectual stimulation was consider to be fundamentally related to followers’ commitment and organization increase on job performance and competitiveness. Unlike, by delimiting the outcome expected from followers and the reward system, transactional leadership was appeared to harm innovation in organization. Not different is the outcome of using managing by exception dimension. Finally, by having an individual consideration, transformational leadership are more likely to developed high-quality relationship members that are expected to be more loyal and perform in greater extent without expecting immediate tangible benefits. In contrast, commitment and higher achievement with a transactional leadership was limited to the exchange of direct economic and tangible benefits. Overall, due to the development of followers and their potential, transformational leadership is assumed to be more appropriate for many different types of companies and situations at any level across cultures. Reference list Amabile, TM 1998. ‘How to kill creativity’. Harvard Business Review, vol. 76, pp. 76–87. Avolio, BJ, Bass, BM, Jung, DI 1999, ‘Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership questionnaire’. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, vol. 72, no 4, pp. 441–462. Avolio, B J, Zhu, W, Koh, W, Puja, B 2004, ‘Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance’. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, vol. 4, pp. 1–18. Bass, BM, Avolio, BJ 1990, ‘The Implications of transactional and transformational Leadership for individual, team and organizational development’. Research in Organizational Change and Development, vol. 4, pp. 231–72. Bass, B. M. Avolio, B. J. (eds. ) 1994, Improving organizational effectiveness through transformatio nal leadership, Sage Publications, London. Deluga, R J 1992, ‘The relationship of leader-member exchanges with laissez-faire, transactional, and transformational leadership’. Impact of leadership. pp. 237–247. Dorfman, PW, Howell, JP, Hibino, S, Lee, JK, Tate, U, Bautista, A 1997, ‘Leadership in Western and Asian countries: Communalities and differences in effective leadership processes across cultures’. Leadership Quarterly, vol. 8, no 3, pp. 233–274. Felfe, J, Tartler, K and Liepmann, D 2004, ‘Advanced Research in the Field of Transformational Leadership. Zeitschrift fur Personalforschung – German Journal of Human Resource Research. Special Research Forum, vol. 18, pp. 262–88. Geyer, A, Steyrer, J 1998, ‘Transformational leadership and objective performance in banks’. Applied Psychology: An International Review, vol. 7, no 3, pp. 397–420. House and Aditya; RC, Liden and Maslyn JM 1993, ‘Scale development for a multidimensional mesur of Leader-Member exchange’, Paper presented at annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Atlanta, Georgia. Paul, J, Costley, DL, Howell, JP, Dorfma, PW 2001, ‘The effects of cha rismatic leadership on followers’ self-concept accessibility’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 1821-1 844. Podsakoff, PM, MacKenzie, SB, Moorman, RH, Fetter, R 1990, ‘Transformational leader behaviours and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviour. Leadership Quarterly, vol. 1, pp. 107–142. Rubin, RS, Munz, DC, Bommer, WH 2005, ‘Leading from within: the effects of emotion recognition and personality on transformational leadership behavior’. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 48, pp. 845–58. Towler, AJ 2003, ‘Effects of charismatic in? uence training on attitudes, behaviour, and performance’. Personnel Psychology, vol. 56, no 2, pp. 363–381. Vaccaro, IG, Jansen, JJ, Van Den Bosch, FA, Volberda, HW 2010, ‘Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size’, Journal of Management Studies, pp. -23. Walumbwa, FO, Orwa, B, Wang, P, Lawler, JJ 2005, ‘Transformational Leadership, Organizational Commitment, and job satisfaction: A comparative study of Kenyan and U. S. financial firms’, Human resource development quarterly, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 235-265. Wang, H, Law, K, Hackett, R, Wang, D, Chen ZX 2005, ‘Leader-member exchange as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and followers’ performance and organizational citizenship behaviour’, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 420-432. Weber, M 1947, ‘The theory of social and economic organizations’, translated by T. Parson, New York. Yammarino, FJ, Dubinsky, A J, Comer, LB, Jolson, MA 1997, ‘Women and transformational and contingent reward leadership: a multiple-levels-of-analysis perspective’. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 40, pp. 205–22. Zhang, X, Cao, Q, Tjosvold, D 2010, ‘Linking transformational leadership and team Performance: A con? ict management approach’, Journal of Management Studies, pp. 1-26.

Chateau de Chinon essays

Chateau de Chinon essays High upon a steep escarpment above the Vienne, a small branch of the great Loire River, emerge the battered but noble ruins of one of the oldest and most historic castles in France- Chinon. The city of Chinon is filled with lush green meadows and game filled forests, that from the earliest times it was known as the garden of France. This is the region where Francois Rabelais passed his childhood and the region of the lively wines of France. Now, you are invited to see this chateaus enriched history, beauty and amusement. The castle was built for the first time by stone by Theobald I. Count of Blois, on a steep plateau. Then the castle came into the hands of Henry Plantagenet, Count of Anjou who had become King of England in 1154. He had the castle and its outbuildings made bigger and died there in 1189. The Plantagenet empire then came into the hands of John Lackland, Richard Lionheart's brother. John Lacklands scheming and treachery caused him the hostility of his barons who appealed against him in the Royal court of Paris. After the trial, John Lackland had his French fiefs confiscated. Thus, he was a King of England on French land. In the meantime, King Philip of France began a policy of re conquest of the unarmed towns that were occupied by the English. After a year's siege, King Philip seized the castle on the 24th of June 1205, marking the end of the Plantagenet domination of Touraine. During the 15th century, Chinon came back onto the historical scene. The Dauphin Charles, future Charles VII took refuge in Chinon after having been chased from Paris in 1418. He ma de it his favorite residence and the center of his power. On the 8th of March 1429, Charles VII, having become king, received a courtier who was no other than the disguised Joan of Arc. The court doubted the sincerity of the young girl and made her app ...

Update Your Resume This September with My Resume Tips

Update Your Resume This September with My Resume Tips September is Update Your Resume Month! Read to the End to Get 10% Off a Resume Service! What if you received an unexpected sudden opportunity and needed to update your resume for a new position? Would you be ready with a fantastic resume now? What if your company needed your resume for their own uses? Would you be proud of what you could hand to them? If the answer to either of the above questions is no, you’re in luck. It’s September, and that means it’s International Update Your Resume Month! Updating your resume at least once a year is a really smart idea, regardless of your career situation. You will ensure that you’re tracking and documenting your most recent accomplishments, and that you’re not caught empty-handed- or paying rush fees unnecessarily because you did not prepare for unanticipated resume requests. Tips to Update Your Resume Right Now Here are my top 10 recommendations to avoid the panic of a last-minute scramble to update your resume: Double-check your contact information. Are your address and phone number accurate and updated? Is your LinkedIn Profile URL customized and included on your resume? Rewrite your Summary statement. Make sure it reflects your most current capabilities and achievements. Use specifics about yourself rather than overinflated â€Å"resume speak.† Add any skills / core competencies that you have added to your tool kit. List any updates to your education, courses completed, conferences attended, certifications or licenses obtained, awards won, publications published, etc. If you have a new position, add an end date to your previous one. You’d be surprised how many people forget to change â€Å"present† to an end date! Add your most current position to your resume if it’s not there. Include a result or impact in every bullet if at all possible. How have you made or saved your company money? How have you improved systems or processes? Include numbers like dollar amounts and percentages! Delete any redundant or irrelevant information. Don’t be attached to your past achievements if they’re not important for where you’re headed. Check your formatting carefully for consistency. Is every bullet formatted the same way? Print your resume to make sure it looks good on paper. Don’t risk being judged as sloppy, and don’t make your readers have to squint! Create a version of your resume that meets ATS requirements (Applicant Tracking Systems). If you’re not familiar with how to do this, read Tip #43 in How to Write a WINNING Resume. Tools to Update Your Resume For more detail on how to accomplish these 10 resume update recommendations, read my e-books How to Write a WINNING Resume or How to Write a STELLAR Executive Resume. You can receive a free excerpt of both How to Write a WINNING Resume and How to Write a STELLAR Executive Resume by signing up for any of The Essay Expert’s e-lists. Subscribe here and receive free excerpts of both books! Special offer!! If you want to update your resume in September, go through steps 1-9 above and send us your current resume with a list of your accomplishments on or before September 22nd. Please also include a statement that you have completed steps 1-9 and are ready for an update.  We’ll offer you 10% off any resume service! You can also get help from our DIY Resume Questionnaires. What are you waiting for? Update your resume now!

The concept of management change in regards to Larsen and Toubro Essay

The concept of management change in regards to Larsen and Toubro - Essay Example The paper tells that with changes in consumer needs and perceptions the demands for the goods and services of the organisation also counter a paradigm shift. Thus because of such changes in the organisation’s external climate the management team of the organisation tends to bring about a lot of alterations in the technological and operational processes in the organisation. These changes are reflected as the organisational changes inside the concern. Focusing on the above discussion the organisational changes brought about in Larsen and Toubro can be further analysed. The Chairman of the concern envisaged that the need for organisational change within the concern arose from the need of value creation. Value creation was envisaged through bettering up the position of both the internal and external stakeholders of the concern. The internal people or the employees’ position was developed through the induction of the rating system which would rate the employees based on thei r performance rather than seniority. On the external side, the process of value creation focused on enhancing the value of the shareholders through augmentation of the value of the projects carried out by the several departments. The Chairman of the concern took these steps so as to help in the increase of motivation of the employees and shareholders of the concern. Taking the above organisational change processes were further envisaged to help in the augmentation of the share value of the concern in the stock market which was quite low previously. (McKinsey & Company, 2010, pp.28-29). Justifications for the Organizational Change Forces of Change The forces or needs for organisational change arise out of large amount of dissatisfaction emerging out of people belonging to different organisational hierarchies. The organisational people demand a change from the existing situation for which changes or alterations needs to be brought about in the organisational structure. Failing to such demands of the people leads to several problems which in turn spreads employee unrest. On the other hand the change in organisational leadership also leads to bring about forces of change in the concern. The new organisational leader inherent with new vision and organisational philosophy endeavours to bring about changes in the existing business process and technological interventions. This force of organisational change is sometimes not welcomed by the internal people leading to strong protests and events like strikes and

Informal Class Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Informal Class Assessment - Essay Example Likewise, in the employment information, not one shares similar work. On the other hand, in terms of interests, there were three who are fond of sports; one is into hiking; two loves reading (but on different facets); one loves travelling; two are into volunteer work, and one is into art, as well as modeling. Even other noted information was vastly diverse. Due to the diversity of the group in educational background, line of employment, and interests, the topics that could be of interest to the batch could be current events, especially one that is controversial in nature; or a general topic that could appeal to all: food, health, love, or relationships, to name a few. These suggested topics could be tackled with enough authoritative research and by establishing a thesis statement to determine which point of view or contention one would propose. For instance, a current controversial topic on gun ban or gun control could be a subject of discussion based on the amount of current news articles written on the subject. One could even solicit their respective views on the subject regarding their preference for gun ban or gun control and signify one’s stance. The topic of food could also be interesting in terms of arguing whether American society has manifested a food dilemma in terms of exhibiting increasing trends on obesity despite being health conscious on nutritional contents of the food Americans regularly eat. This topic could also lead to health concerns, especially trying to determine whether advertisements pose more threats for the children in promoting food items that endanger their health. As such, despite the disparities in educational backgrounds, employment experiences, interests or hobbies, and plans for the future, there are different interesting topics that one have thought of which could spur the interest of the class as the potential

Raise or Lower Tuition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Raise or Lower Tuition - Essay Example On that note, we are going to comprehensively study the ways in which this institution can generate more income, for instance through the increase of tuition fees among other strategies that need to be undertaken in a bid to achieve this goal. Evidently, another way in which in the nobody state university can raise its income is through the reviewing of some of the mechanisms that involved in the enrolling of students into the institution. Notably, in the study of the manners in which institutions of higher learning can increase revenue, it is essential to discuss on the enrollment exercise since the major earner of capital in this line of business is largely dependent on the number of individuals that enroll in the particular institution which in this case is the nobody state university. Consequently, in the subsequent sections we are going to highlight some of the ways that revenue can be increased in this institution giving account of the impact they will have in the institution a s whole. Will an increase in the tuition fee automatically contribute to an increase in revenue? From a literal point of view, a rise in the tuition fees will result in the increase in the revenue in the institution of higher learning; nobody state university. ... Thus, in the case of lower population, the capital generated may not be as pleasant. On the other hand, high tuition fees may cause huge loses. On a similar theme, if the tuition fees are raised by significantly with comparison to other educational institution, the enrolment rates will drop and as a result the revenue collected will be less. Furthermore, with high tuition fees many students who are enrolled may opt out in search of other institutions that offer favorable fee structures and therefore it follows that huge revenue loses will be recorded. Although, an increase in tuition requires an increase in revenue generation, it is essential to monitor the margin of the rise to avoid exploitation of the individuals in the educational institution; students who are the major earner of capital. Describe conditions under which the revenue will rise? Apparently, one of the most logical approaches to increase the revenue of nobody state university, is the incorporation of business strateg ies founded on the principle of unit elastic demand. On that note, this business principle postulates that, a change in the price of a commodity results into an equal change in the quantity demanded for. In this case, incorporation of this business strategy into the education institution requires that, an increase in the tuition fee will consequently lead to the increase in the revenue collected since the enrolment rate will increase due to an increase in the demand for the educational services. On the same note, the rise in revenue will be attributed to the increase in the student population. Describe conditions under which the revenue will fall? The revenue collected

Psychological Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Psychological Case Study - Essay Example Background of The Case Jen was referred for psychological counseling by her teachers. Jen was a disciplined student and was very good at her studies. She never missed her school and was always prompt in doing her home work. Her performance at school was progressing day by day. She was quiet and docile by nature. However, at the same time, the social aspect of her personality was not flowering. Her parents had realized that her quiet nature and her habit of being alone had increased in past few months. With every passing day, Jen was becoming more and more private. Her friend circle was becoming smaller and she refused to mix with people. Her relationship with her siblings was also getting affected. She avoided playing with her siblings giving a reason of home work and studies. When the family had guests or relatives coming, Jen used to get worried. She avoided coming in front of people and gave one word answers when she was asked something. This behavior became consistent and Jen sta rted getting into a cocoon. Initially, her parents did not pay much attention as her performance in studies and at school was consistently good. However, they found that her social interactions and her interaction with the family members were decreasing day by day. Jen’s mother was worried as the number of phone calls from her friends started decreasing and her behavior with her siblings had changed a lot. Jen’s mother decided to take help of her teachers before Jen’s social behavior worsened. Hence, she contacted Jen’s teachers to discuss the changes in Jen’s behavior and personality. Jen’s teachers told Jen’s mother that even they had recognized a change in her behavior pattern. Even though Jen was consistent in her studies, her social behavior was changing dramatically. They told her mother that she has stopped participating in games and extra curricular activities. Her interactions with teachers and students in the class had also decreased to a great extend. She had become shy and aloof. The teachers also said that Jen used to ask lots of questions regarding her studies in the class. However, lately she had stopped even that. After talking to her mother, Jen’s teacher realized that Jen’s behavior was becoming threat to her progress and growth. Hence, after consulting her mother, Jen’s teacher referred her to the school counselor. Deeper study of Jen’s behavior and personality pattern revealed that Jen’s problem was related to her social life. Her fears related to social interaction were turning her into an introvert person. Diagnosis Assessment Interview is one of the most effective and result oriented tool for diagnosis and assessment of mental disorder. Interview not only allows a proper flow of information regarding the client but also gives an opportunity to the counselor to gain client’s confidence and trust. Hence, in Jen’s case, the ‘Anxiety Disor der Interview Schedule for Children’ (ADIS-C) was utilized to understand the nature of the disorder (Kearney, 2005, p. 72). The questions were structured around Jen’s social behavior, her thoughts regarding her social relationships and interactions, her emotional and physical response to social presence and overall behavior pattern when she is in presence of other people. (Kearney, 2005, p.73). Another reason why ADIS-C was used for assessment was that it also included a version for parent interview (Kearney, 2005, p.

Nursing research community assessment paper Essay

Nursing research community assessment paper - Essay Example Community health nursing aims at ensuring that the individual, families and community can assess high standards of holistic health care services. This is viable through promoting health care lifestyles through education, public awareness and community activities (Clark, M.J.2003). This paper is inclined towards exposing a critical review of community nursing with a bias in Clearfield County. The community of study is Clearfield County the fourth largest county in the state of Pennsylvania .Clearfield covers an area of 1,143 square miles situated in the centre of Pennsylvania on the western slopes of Allegheny Mountains. According to 2000 population census it had a population of 83,382. Clearfield has a total population of 83,382 consisting of 41,741 male and 41,462 female. Majority who live in rural areas. The average household income is $30,176 and 12.5 percent of this population lives below the poverty line majority of who are between the ages of 18-64. Population distributed according to racial grounds but mainly speak English language. Largely the population consists of white that covers 97.4 percent, then other race like the Africa America covers 1.5%, American Indian 0.1%, Asian 0.3%, Latino 0.6%, and other races take up to 0.3%. The main economic activities consist of farming, lumbering, mining clay and coal, forestry, wildlife and railroading. There are a variet y of occupations in Clearfield. For instance many are involve in management sector covering 23.1%, sales and office 15.3%, forestry/ fishing0.9%, construction 11.7%, production 24.1% and service industry 15.3% (US. Census Bureau. 2004). Majority of the population live in the rural areas and practice lumbering and farming. In 1920 lumbering reduced and Clearfield residents engaged in mining of coal and clay. Unemployment and birth rate are very high for example, in 2000 alone it 9.9 and 9.6 respectively. Whereas the death rate was 11.3 in every 1000 people (Clark,

Psychological Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Psychological Case Study - Essay Example Background of The Case Jen was referred for psychological counseling by her teachers. Jen was a disciplined student and was very good at her studies. She never missed her school and was always prompt in doing her home work. Her performance at school was progressing day by day. She was quiet and docile by nature. However, at the same time, the social aspect of her personality was not flowering. Her parents had realized that her quiet nature and her habit of being alone had increased in past few months. With every passing day, Jen was becoming more and more private. Her friend circle was becoming smaller and she refused to mix with people. Her relationship with her siblings was also getting affected. She avoided playing with her siblings giving a reason of home work and studies. When the family had guests or relatives coming, Jen used to get worried. She avoided coming in front of people and gave one word answers when she was asked something. This behavior became consistent and Jen sta rted getting into a cocoon. Initially, her parents did not pay much attention as her performance in studies and at school was consistently good. However, they found that her social interactions and her interaction with the family members were decreasing day by day. Jen’s mother was worried as the number of phone calls from her friends started decreasing and her behavior with her siblings had changed a lot. Jen’s mother decided to take help of her teachers before Jen’s social behavior worsened. Hence, she contacted Jen’s teachers to discuss the changes in Jen’s behavior and personality. Jen’s teachers told Jen’s mother that even they had recognized a change in her behavior pattern. Even though Jen was consistent in her studies, her social behavior was changing dramatically. They told her mother that she has stopped participating in games and extra curricular activities. Her interactions with teachers and students in the class had also decreased to a great extend. She had become shy and aloof. The teachers also said that Jen used to ask lots of questions regarding her studies in the class. However, lately she had stopped even that. After talking to her mother, Jen’s teacher realized that Jen’s behavior was becoming threat to her progress and growth. Hence, after consulting her mother, Jen’s teacher referred her to the school counselor. Deeper study of Jen’s behavior and personality pattern revealed that Jen’s problem was related to her social life. Her fears related to social interaction were turning her into an introvert person. Diagnosis Assessment Interview is one of the most effective and result oriented tool for diagnosis and assessment of mental disorder. Interview not only allows a proper flow of information regarding the client but also gives an opportunity to the counselor to gain client’s confidence and trust. Hence, in Jen’s case, the ‘Anxiety Disor der Interview Schedule for Children’ (ADIS-C) was utilized to understand the nature of the disorder (Kearney, 2005, p. 72). The questions were structured around Jen’s social behavior, her thoughts regarding her social relationships and interactions, her emotional and physical response to social presence and overall behavior pattern when she is in presence of other people. (Kearney, 2005, p.73). Another reason why ADIS-C was used for assessment was that it also included a version for parent interview (Kearney, 2005, p.

Position Paper - Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Position Paper - Death Penalty - Essay Example Death penalty has been present ever since the societal shift from being primitive communal to the slave society state wherein civilizations were formed and rulers were made. The death penalty was implemented by the earliest civilizations yet there were no formal records of a death sentence being served. According to the Web site library.thinkquest.org, death penalty has very old roots; in fact, there is evidence of its application even in peoples such as Babylonians, ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. (). The earliest recorded death sentence according to the Web site www.pbs.org was in the 16th century when a member of the Egyptian nobility was accused of magic, and was ordered to take his own life. (). Through the ages death penalty was implemented, it was only the manner of which it was executed and of how it was perceived changed through time, the manner changed from the guillotine and hanging through the firing squad and lethal injection, a brief history of how death penalty w as done and the violations which led to a death sentence is presented in the Web site www.pbs.org. () It was only since after World War II, that there has been a consistent trend in abolishing the death penalty. (â€Å"Death Penalty Worldwide†, en.wikipedia.org, ). Political as well has humane considerations have been taken into account in the abolition of death penalty as a punishment for some crimes. Since the start of abolition, the number of death penalty sentences served curved down, although capital punishment was still retained in other countries, most of these countries are those with religious considerations. The Instruments of death were also changed, some were more harsh than others, in some countries morbid methods

Ideology and work choices Essay Example for Free

Ideology and work choices Essay Labour laws come from a body of administrative rulings, laws and regulations that are meant to address the legal rights and restrictions of workers and their organizations/ employers. These laws help in improving the relationship between employers, trade unions and employees. Since the 19th century, labour rights have been playing a crucial role in the development of the industrial revolution both socially and economically. These labour laws arose due to the inequality that existed between employees and employees especially when it came to workers’ demands for better conditions like health, safety and wages and employers’ demands for reduced labour costs. Therefore, labour laws are meant to e fair to both parties (employers and employees) thus, they are both a product and a component of different struggles between different interests in society. (Plowman, and Preston, 2005) Overview On 7th December 2005, the Australian Government under Prime Minister John Howard secured passage through the Australian parliament of Workplace Relations Amendment Act 2005. This legislation will greatly affect the conduct of Australian industrial relations. It will also greatly influence the way that the rules that regulate employment relationship in Australia are made and implemented. However, a complete analysis of these reforms has not been made. (Bray et al 2005) The reason why these reforms had to be made was to ensure that the loopholes and strategies that unions had developed since the Workplace Relations Act 1996 were closed off. The Australian labor party identified industrial relations gaps between what it and Howard’s government stood for. The labor’s policy platform focused on four major things: encourage family friendly workplaces, improving job security, assist parties to avoid and resolve disputes (ALP 2004) and restore the right to bargain collectively. In the 1970s, the Australian economic capacity was greatly diminished by adverse trade movements and oil price shocks. This forced the successive governments to introduce a range of reforms meant to enhance the competitiveness of Australian industries in international markets. These reforms comprised reduction in tariffs, floatation of the Australian dollar and abolition of most foreign exchange controls which increased Australia’s openness to foreign competition. Significant changes started being introduced to Australia’s workplace relations from the 1990s. These legislative reforms were meant to maintain a strong safety net for workers while at the same time provide a greater flexibility and choice for employers and workers at workplace level. It was until March 2008 that the government of Australia introduced transitional measures that phased out many concrete provisions in the workplace provisions laws (Workplace Relations Act 1996, Workplace Relations Amendment/Work Choices Act 2005 and Workplace Relations Amendment Act 2007). Ideology and work choices. It should be clearly noted that the prime minister and other members of his government have denied that their policies are not ideological. General philosophy Rather than employers and employees being stuck in an adversarial system, the government wants to put up a system that will allow them to determine their own conditions of working by looking into their common interests. (Andrews 2005b, p. 7). Therefore, a contract between an employee and an employer is seen as a meeting of minds between two partners who are equal and an agreement will only occur when both parties agree with the terms of the contract. In contrast to the pluralist perspective, the general philosophy fails to recognize that inequality of power is central feature of employment relationship. Role of employees. With this new act, provided the employees (Workers) are given the right leadership, the right incentives and the right opportunities, they will be in a position to work very closely with the management Impact on the parties and the rule making processes. In this section we shall critically look at the impact of that these reforms will have on the major actors in the Australian industrial relations. Role of the state In the last 20 years, the government of Australia has seen far greater reliance on market forces than state regulation. However, with the national competition policy as a catalyst, both state and federal governments have embraced deregulation of product markets, government owned enterprises have also been privatized and a private-sector management practice is being used in public sector organizations. (Bray et al. 2005) The narrowing of the state regulation can be seen in the shrinking role of awards and the new modest employment protections offered by the Fair Pay of Australia. Rule making process From chapter 8 of Bray et al. (2005), the four main forms of rule making in Australia are: managerial prerogative, individual contracting, collective bargaining and awards. With the Work Choices act, collective bargaining and award making will decline while managerial prerogative and individual contracting will expand significantly. The reforms here favor employers in many ways. Most employers will be able to gain significant capacity to practice improved bargaining power in their dealings with employees and unions and managerial prerogatives (Bray and Waring 2006). The changes in rule making have been encouraged as the government members have confirmed that economic success depends on freeing employers and employees from the restrictions of the old system. Awards This act has reduced the number of matters from 20 to 16 and this has helped in simplifying the awards. The award clauses that have been removed relate to: Jury service, long service leave, superannuation and notice of termination. However some federal awards that provide kind entitlements like leave arrangements will not be removed from the awards as they are deemed as preserved award entitlements. Management The Work Choices act will bring the Australian managerial sector more freedom to manage their businesses as they see fit. This is because there will be less state regulation of the employment relationship and they will not be forced by unions to collectively bargain over wages and working conditions. With this new freedom the Australian managers will be in a position to lead to more efficient enterprises, more jobs and a more competitive national economy. Many companies will also be capable of pursuing innovation/ quality-enhancement and business strategies. Unions. In chapter six of Bray et al. there is a trace of the historical evolution of unions as a form of employee representation in Australia. It was seen that membership and the power of trade unions had greatly declined from the beginning of the 1990s. This decline was brought about by many reasons. One of them was the increasingly hostile role of management and the impact of government policies that were not sympathetic. These harsh circumstances may be conducive to attracting new members and stimulated a new collective strength. However strategic differences over the union response to work Choices show great differences in ideologies within the Australian labour movement and the labour movements of other countries. Only time will tell where the union movement will go and what the real outcomes will be. Conclusion. The measures brought about by the Work Choices reforms are far reaching. This is because they represent a major break from the past in many ways. Firstly, their consequences to the constitution promise to be very big. Secondly, despite the much opposition it has faced, these reforms will help introduce new institutions by spelling an end to those institutions that have dominated Australian industrial institutions for very many years. They will also change the process by which the rules of employment relationships are made in Australia. In addition, market forces, individual contracting and managerial prerogative are going to gain a new ascendancy. According to Howard’s government and business supporters, these reforms are also inevitable as they are necessary in driving productivity and reducing unemployment and will also guarantee competitiveness. It is also important that any conclusions be left speculative and uncertain since public opinion can fail and political climate can drastically change. References: Andrews, K. (200b) ‘Where do we want workplace relations to be in five years time? ’ speech to Committee for Economic Development of Australia, Federation Square, Melbourne, retrieved on 15th March. Bray, M and Waring, P (2006) ‘The rise of managerial prerogative under the Howard government’, Australian Bulletin of Labour (in press). Bray, M. and Walsh, P. (1998), ‘Different paths to neo liberalism Comparing Australia and New Zealand’, Industrial Relations, Vol. 37, No. 3. Pp. 358-87. Bray, M. , Deery, S. , Walsh, J. and Waring, P. (2005) Industrial relations, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Sydney. Plowman, D. and Preston, A. (2005) ‘The new industrial relations: portents for the lowly paid’, Journal of Australian Political Economy, No. 56, Dec, pp. 224-42

An Overview of Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling

An Overview of Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling What is  Single-Stream  Recycling? Recycling is a process that converts waste into reusable material. For example, aluminum cans will be melted and then made into new cans and paper will be mixed with water to make pulp,   which then pressed into new sheets of paper. Single-stream recycling means that a consumer can put all types of recyclable goods-like aluminum cans, glass containers, paper, and plastic- into a single recycling bin and then a company receives the mixture of recyclable items and sorts it all out in a factory setting. The reason why people recycle is because they would like to contribute less waste to landfills. Larger landfills contribute to larger greenhouse gas emissions, which is known to wreak havoc on the earths atmosphere and health. How  Does  Residential  Single-Stream  Recycling Work? A resident will either purchase or be provided with a recycling bin-American recycling bins are typically green or blue-that will be kept in or right outside their household. The resident will fill the bin with all types of recyclable items including but not limited to paper, plastic, and metal, and glass-more specifics will be discussed shortly. That bin of recyclables will be emptied into a community dumpster or will be directly placed on the curb for a recycling company to pick up. This pick up of recyclables   typically happens on a weekly or biweekly basis. The recycling company will then dump all of the recyclables into a materials recovery facility (MRF) where they are will be sorted by machines and manpower [6]. The materials that can be salvaged are then collected by type (paper with paper, glass with glass, etc.) and shipped to various companies for them to repurpose and use for their own products. A Brief  Timeline  on the History  of Recycling 1897:  New York City creates one of the first MRFs in America. [12] 1965  to  1970:  The Mobius Loop is introduced as the symbol for Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, by Gary Anderson. [12] 1974  University City, MO becomes one of the first municipalities in the country to offer curbside recycling to its residents. [12] 1988  The number of curbside recycling programs in the US increases to about 1,050. [12] 1990s  Communities in California were the first to use single- stream recycling in America. [11] 2000 The EPA confirms a link between global warming and waste, showing that recycling and reducing our garbage decreases greenhouse gas emissions. [12] 2005  About 20 percent of all U.S. communities with recycling programs use single-stream recycling. [10] 2010  About 64 percent of all U.S. communities with recycling programs used single-stream recycling. [10] 2011  America recycled about 87 million tons of material, more than 60 percent of Americans have access to curbside recycling. [10] 2015  About 22 percent of standard American county is complying with the standards to put right things in there. [1] Advantages For  the  Resident Decrease  sorting  efforts: Single-stream recycling versus multi-stream recycling means that the efforts for sorting recyclables are reducedall recyclables are allowed in a single recycling bin. This may make residents more likely to participate in recycling and may lead to more recyclables placed at the curb or in the community recycling dumpster/receptacle. [8] Clarity  of  destination: For residents participating in curb side pick- up, the recycling trucks will come by with distinguished signs labeling their truck as a recycling truck. The emphasis on clarity of which company is picking up their recyclables, will ensure the residents that their recyclables are being sent to a MRF and not a landfill [8]. For  the  Participating  Communities Decrease  waste  management  costs: For any given city, labor costs and tipping fees for garbage management will decrease as the amount of recycling increases. This means that an average American single- stream recycling system that costs $200,000 per year should be breaking even by 2019 [4]. Recycling costs a city $39 per ton, versus $49 for garbage. Also, single-compartment trucks cost less to purchase and operate versus multi-compartment trucks used for multi-stream recycling systems. This will also contribute to a reduced collection cost. Increase  efficiency: Single-compartment trucks are able to use automated collection routines, which leads to collection routes being serviced more efficiently [8]. Safer  conditions  for  workers: The workers for the recycling companies may see a decrease in the amount of work-related injuries. Recycling bins for single-stream recycling are commonly in the form of wheeled carts. Multi-stream bins were typically not wheeled which makes workers prone to injuring their backs when they pick up and carry numerous bins [8]. For the Environment Increase  land fill  life: Recycling in general will extend the life of a landfill because, with less waste in the garbage bin and more materials in the recycling bin, the landfill wont fill up so quickly with waste, thus extending its life [4]. Recycle  more  materials: As research continues, single-stream recycling may make way for an opportunity to add new materials to the list of recyclables accepted. Also, with a single-stream sorting system, more grades of paper may be collected than ever before [8]. An increase is the amount of recycled materials will positively impact the environment. Disadvantages For  the  Participating  Companies Increase  in  taxes: A resident who lives in a location that has a single-stream recycling program is most likely going topay local taxes for the program. These taxes are subject increase becuase Residents who participate in single- stream For the Environment Contaminated  material  to  landfills: Due to the nature of single-stream recycling, different materials will cross-contaminate other materials. A typical, new single- stream program endures contamination in about 40 percent of its loads [4]. These contaminated parts of the load will be sent to the landfill. Mixing all materials together is convenient, but leads to wet paper and bits of broken glass that cant be sorted. About a quarter of single-stream recycling goes to the dump because of contamination [6]. Lower  quality  of  products: Susan Collins, director of the Container Recycling Institutea nonprofit research and advocacy group, says in terms of preserving the quality of materials so that the maximum materials collected can actually be recycled, single-stream is one of the worst options [6]. The purpose of recycling is so that materials can be repurposed and reused. If the MRFs are supplying poor-quality raw material to companies, they are costing those companies a loss in quality of their goods as well. What You Can and Cant Recycle You should only recycle paper, cardboard, commingled containers, plastic bottles, tubs, jugs, and jars. Figure 2 offers some visual aids on what typical household recyclable goods look like. The  Big  DO  NOTS  of  Single-Stream  Recycling Do not recycle any container that has previously held oil because it is very likely to contaminate other items you place in your recycling bin [3]. Do not bag any items to be recycled-they should all be loosely placed into your recycling receptacle. Bagging items are very likely to be discarded during the recycling process and send to the landfill. Do not recycle plastic bags by themselves either because they can bind up the sorting machines gears and cause damage. Do not recycle Styrofoam or shredded paper. Excluding cardboard, make sure all commingled containers, bottles, jugs, and jars, are not flattened. Ball up on aluminum foil you recycle so that the sorting machines dont mistake it as a sheet of paper. Any material that was in contact with food or other messy substances should be emptied and rinsed out thoroughly.

Margin Call Directed by J.C. Chandor Essays -- film analysis

Margin Call (2011) Margin Call is a 2011 film that seeks to give viewers a deeper perspective of the financial crisis that hit the United States in 2008. The film was written and directed by J.C. Chandor. It s depiction of the happenings on Wall Street has been described as the closest to the actual happenings during the financial crisis. In this film, the main characters are faced with a moral challenge and they act according to their personal world views. Personal financial needs are put before the clients needs. The questionable manner in which the characters act put the employees on Wall Street on a cross road. It is a difficult balancing act between protecting oneself and protecting others. The decisions made by characters in this film create an opportunity for people to discuss the balancing act between self preservation and killing the dreams of the masses. From the beginning, the film is filled with controversial decisions. First, the firm that is depicted in this film decides to lay off most of the employees in the firm leaving only 20% of the workers. However, the firm’s managers do not lay off the workers personally but hire another firm to do this. Without prior warning, the mass layoff takes place in a rather insensitive manner with employees expected to leave immediately. First, the decision by the company to lay off the people without warning is a questionable decision. Though they are offered a severance package, the employees are traumatized by the lay off. Having reported to work just like a normal day, none of the employees expect that they are going to lose their jobs on this particular day. Therefore, it is a surprise when the hired human resource team comes in and explains to the employees that they no long... ...ce of money at whatever costs. At the end of the day, the managers watch as more people are laid off as the crisis continues. In conclusion, I disagree with the decisions made by the main characters in this film. Their predicament is tough to say the least, but it does not warrant the decisions they make. They choose to follow a route with the full knowledge of the problems it will cause to other people. The decisions made are motivated purely by money and the need to self preserve and protect. The drive behind the sale of worthless assets is for the company to remain afloat even when clients suffer losses. It is dangerous to make decisions driven by money and selfishness. It leads to guilt as it causes endless pain to other people. Therefore, these characters could have chosen the alternative option of protecting their clients as opposed to protecting themselves.

Peter Weir’s film “Witness” Essay

Peter Weir’s film, â€Å"Witness† reveals that besides our contemporary world, there are other â€Å"worlds† with their own values that are unique. These worlds conflict with the Western world through their variation in lifestyle. The Amish are a community of people who live peacefully in the midst of a robust, crime – riddled contemporary world. Weir presents a film that fits two genres, one of a crime and the other of romance. Within the first ten minutes of the film these two worlds it captures the differences of these two worlds through the use of cinematic techniques. The Amish world is introduced at the very start of the film where the opening visual fades in, to reveal a long shot showing the landscape. There is no use of artificial lighting but merely the natural sunlight of an early morning. This proposes an idea that the Amish community lives in a plain, simplistic, traditional, and a calm lifestyle. The establishing montage of the silent and peaceful world of the Amish becomes apparent through a wide angle shot that pans across the screen in a panoramic view of gently swaying wheat fields from which emerges a small band of black clad people walk silently following one another. Even in this very early part of the movie, the audience has a glimpse of order and conformity. Their black clothes juxtapose the brilliance of the Wheatfield’s clearly portraying their different world. Pennsylvania 1984 is surprising to the viewer, because they might expect a much earlier date. The idea of two worlds is also symbolized by the division of the scene into top half of the sky and the bottom half of the grass. The crossing of the two worlds is portrayed by the Amish moving through the frame from right to left through the grass. This is an unusual technique because usually most movement is from left to right, thus reinforcing their unusual world. Weir’s purpose in presenting such an orderly scene ironically is to exemplify the dystopia of the fast urban life of crime and corruption. The culture clash between the Amish and the modern technological society becomes evident when Eli takes Rachel and Samuel to the station. The camera zooms into the carriage portraying the occupants to be Eli as the driver and Rachel and Samuel as the passengers. An overhead view gives way to long shots of beautiful country landscape and the horse-driven carriage as it is juxtaposed with the truck. The truck a symbolic representation of the modern world and a vehicle that is known to literally thunder its way like a bully on highways has to follow the carriage which was going at its own pace. This demonstrates that the Amish world behind it is not governed by time and will go the way they want. Through the close-ups of Eli, Rachel and Samuel, the audience sees the ‘glassed-in world’ of the Amish as being reclusive and imprisoned as opposed to the free world of faster vehicles. Weir illustrates this sudden imposition of the American way when at the station while awaiting their train. An undershot of the train is gigantic and intimidating which dwarfs the Amish world. He is mesmerized by it all, ‘tours’ the train station. Accustomed to little angels in their books, Samuel is miniaturized by a gigantic figure of an angel. A high angle shot from behind the statue dwarfs Samuel symbolically highlighting the insignificance of their culture to the American way of life. Even among the Amish these worlds there are others who resemble different from the †¦